The examination for the CBSE Class 10th Board Exam necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the key topics and question-and-answer segments about Metals and Non-Metals. These subjects are frequently included in assessments and are integral to achieving high marks.
Key Topics on Metals and Non-Metals:
1. Physical Properties of Metals and Non-Metals
2. Chemical Properties of Metals and Non-Metals
3. Reactivity Series of Metals
4. Occurrence and Extraction of Metals
5. Corrosion, specifically the Rusting of Iron
6. Various Uses of Metals and Non-Metals
7. Definition and Properties of Alloys
Key Questions and Answers:
1. What are the physical properties of metals?
Answer:
- Metals exhibit a lustrous appearance.
- They possess malleability, allowing them to be shaped into thin sheets.
- Metals are ductile, enabling them to be drawn into wires.
- They serve as good conductors of heat and electricity.
- Metals typically have high melting and boiling points, with exceptions noted in sodium and potassium.
- The majority are considered hard, with sodium and potassium being exceptions.
2. What are the physical properties of non-metals?
Answer:
- Non-metals are generally dull, lack shine.
- They are brittle, making them susceptible to breaking.
- Non-metals are characterized as poor conductors of heat and electricity.
- Their melting and boiling points are typically low, with diamonds being a notable exception.
- Most non-metals are regarded as soft, excluding diamonds.
3. What is rusting, and how can it be prevented?
Answer:
Rusting occurs when iron interacts with oxygen and water, resulting in the formation of iron oxide (rust).
Methods for prevention include:
- Applying paint to iron surfaces.
- Utilizing galvanization, a process that involves coating with zinc.
- Implementing an oil coating.
- Employing stainless steel.
4. What is the chemical reaction of sodium with water?
Answer:
The reaction of sodium with water produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrogen gas (H₂), accompanied by heat release:
2Na(s) + 2H2O → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
5. What is the reaction of magnesium with oxygen?
Answer:
Magnesium reacts with oxygen to yield magnesium oxide:
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
6. What are the chemical properties of metals?
Answer:
- Reaction with Oxygen: Formation of basic oxides
(e.g., 2Na + O₂ → Na₂O).
- Reaction with Water: Generation of hydroxides and hydrogen gas
(e.g., 2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂).
- Reaction with Acids: Release of hydrogen gas
(e.g., Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂).
7. What are the chemical properties of non-metals?
Answer:
- Reaction with Oxygen: Forms acidic oxides (e.g., C + O₂ → CO₂).
- Generally, non-metals do not react with water.
- They do not generate basic hydroxides as metals do.
8. Define an alloy and provide two examples.
Answer:
An alloy is a composite material formed by combining two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, aimed at enhancing specific properties.
Examples include:
- Bronze: A mixture of Copper and Tin.
- Brass: A combination of Copper and Zinc.
9. What is the extraction process of metals from their ores?
Answer:
The extraction of metals from ores is contingent upon their reactivity:
- Less reactive metals (e.g., gold, silver) are obtained via physical methods such as panning or heating.
- Moderately reactive metals (e.g., iron) are extracted through reduction with carbon.
- Highly reactive metals (e.g., sodium, aluminum) necessitate extraction via electrolysis.
10. What is the difference between Ionic and Covalent Bonds?
Answer:
- An Ionic Bond is established through the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal, leading to the formation of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions (e.g., NaCl).
- A Covalent Bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between two non-metals (e.g., H₂O).
11. What is the reactivity series of metals?
Answer:
The reactivity series ranks metals based on their capacity to displace other metals from compounds, arranged as follows:
- Potassium > Sodium > Calcium > Magnesium > Aluminum > Zinc > Iron > Lead > Copper > Silver > Gold.
12. What are the applications of metals and non-metals in everyday life?
Answer:
- Metals are utilized in construction (steel), electrical wiring (copper), cookware (aluminum), machinery, and coinage (copper, nickel).
- Non-metals find applications in fertilizers (nitrogen), pharmaceuticals (sulfur), water treatment processes (chlorine), and the production of acids (carbon dioxide).
13. Write the reaction of hydrogen chloride with sodium.
Answer:
The reaction between hydrogen chloride and sodium produces sodium chloride and hydrogen gas:
2Na(s) + HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2(g)
14. What are the properties of an ideal conductor of electricity?
Answer:
- An ideal conductor displays low resistance to electric current flow.
- It should possess a high melting point.
- The material must exhibit malleability and ductility.
- It should also function effectively as a thermal conductor.
15. What are acidic oxides and basic oxides?
Answer:
- Acidic Oxides: Non-metal oxides that dissolve in water to form acids (e.g., CO₂ → H₂CO₃).
- Basic Oxides: Metal oxides that dissolve in water to yield bases (e.g., Na₂O → NaOH).
Additional Recommendations for Exam Preparation:
1. Emphasis should be placed on understanding the reactions involving metals and non-metals with oxygen, water, acids, and other substances.
2. A thorough review of the reactivity series is beneficial, as it aids in predicting displacement reactions.
3. Practice is encouraged in writing balanced chemical equations for reactions that involve metals and non-metals.
4. A robust comprehension of the formation and characteristics of alloys is necessary, as this topic is frequently examined.
5. Knowledge of the various applications of metals and non-metals across different sectors such as industry, medicine, and agriculture is imperative.
CONCLUSION
Focusing on these topics and rigorously practising the questions presented will facilitate thorough preparation for the CBSE Class 10th examination concerning Metals and Non-Metals.
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